Modern Synthesis Review

The field of theoretical biology stands at a crossroads. For decades, the primary focus has been on understanding biological systems through the lens of reductionism , breaking down complex phenomena into their constituent parts. This approach has yielded insights, from the structure of DNA to the intricate workings of ecosystems. However, a growing number of researchers argue that a fundamental shift in perspective is needed – a cognitive revolution that places cognition and information processing at the heart of biological explanation. This article explores the potential for a cognitive revolution in theoretical biology. We will begin by examining the limitations of the reductionist approach. Then, we will delve into the key tenets of a cognitive framework in biology, highlighting areas where it offers a fresh perspective. Finally, we will discuss the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead for this emerging paradigm. The Limits of Reductionism Reductionism has been...

The article "Characterizing cis-regulatory elements using single-cell epigenomics" by Preissl et al. (2023) explores a powerful new approach to understanding how genes are turned on and off. Understanding how genes turn on and off in different cell types remains a fundamental question in biology. This intricate dance is orchestrated by cis-regulatory elements (CREs), which are regions of DNA that act as control switches for gene expression. These elements, including promoters and enhancers, determine which genes are active in a specific cell at a particular time. While traditional bulk techniques have provided valuable insights into CRE function, they often miss the heterogeneity present within a cell population. This is where single-cell epigenomics comes in, offering a powerful approach to dissect the regulatory landscape at the level of individual cells. The Role of cis-Regulatory Elements CREs come in various flavors, each with its unique function. Promoters,...

The intricately folded neocortex, the largest part of the human brain, is responsible for our higher-order cognitive functions. Understanding how this region functions across different species is crucial for deciphering the developmental leap that led to our unique intellectual abilities. The journal article "Comparative single cell epigenomic analysis of gene regulatory programs in the rodent and primate neocortex" delves into this very question, utilizing cutting-edge single-cell epigenomics to compare gene regulation in the neocortex of rodents and primates. Epigenetics: Beyond the DNA Code Our DNA blueprint dictates the basic machinery of life. However, an additional layer of control, epigenetics, fine-tunes gene expression. Epigenetic modifications, like chemical tags on DNA, influence how readily genes can be turned on or off. This study focuses on one such epigenetic mark – methylation – to understand how gene regulation differs between the neo...

Life thrives in a remarkable diversity of environments, from the scorching deserts to the icy depths of the oceans. In recent years, advancements in genomics have shed light on a fascinating phenomenon: genomic convergence . This journal entry will explore how seemingly disparate organisms can develop similar genetic adaptations to cope with similar environmental challenges. Examples of Genomic Convergence Cold Adaptation:   Animals living in frigid environments, like polar bears and penguins, share convergent adaptations for maintaining body heat. Epigenetic regulating uncoupling proteins, which generate heat by burning fat, have been observed in both species. This independent evolution of similar genetic modifications highlights the effectiveness of this strategy for surviving in the cold. High-Altitude Living:   The thin air at high altitudes presents a challenge for obtaining sufficient oxygen. Both Andean humans and Tibetan antelope ha...